Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3.1 emissions in 1E9 g Higher_Alkenes per year, contributions (below All sources) as percentage All sources Year Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean BONA 17 106 34 13 4 68 59 139 65 49 40 49 44 89 52 55 TENA 1 6 9 9 5 9 8 3 5 9 17 11 6 4 12 8 CEAM 10 46 11 21 6 10 21 6 20 15 11 10 14 6 24 15 NHSA 13 36 8 11 10 5 38 15 7 6 16 8 8 5 5 13 SHSA 138 270 198 91 90 155 150 236 335 176 409 139 64 488 108 203 EURO 3 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 3 5 2 2 2 2 3 MIDE 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 NHAF 339 333 290 305 239 269 285 226 298 250 246 248 201 207 219 264 SHAF 319 414 326 312 308 287 356 346 374 329 317 347 327 365 333 337 BOAS 35 298 78 132 98 184 311 15 45 92 40 154 61 78 86 114 CEAS 42 22 13 27 24 33 33 17 18 24 24 29 23 19 7 24 SEAS 47 142 119 40 29 65 49 121 64 60 120 45 79 177 71 82 EQAS 554 117 21 15 38 158 42 65 77 202 14 18 56 1 19 93 AUST 66 60 95 78 100 87 84 81 48 87 66 41 76 26 86 72 Globe 1586 1857 1205 1060 958 1334 1441 1272 1361 1304 1327 1101 962 1468 1026 1284 Grassland and open savanna fires BONA 10 8 6 11 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 TENA 30 7 10 11 11 6 6 6 20 13 4 5 14 10 15 10 CEAM 8 5 8 6 17 8 5 11 5 5 9 10 7 10 6 7 NHSA 31 18 66 56 55 59 22 56 59 59 39 56 58 34 73 40 SHSA 25 33 31 33 37 24 19 13 11 10 13 14 16 11 16 18 EURO 12 10 21 10 6 5 7 5 2 2 5 5 8 3 6 7 MIDE 28 37 28 31 12 19 26 22 20 20 16 21 25 33 24 24 NHAF 49 56 58 55 60 62 57 65 61 57 62 62 66 62 64 59 SHAF 34 39 38 40 42 46 44 45 42 44 45 43 44 47 50 43 BOAS 11 12 6 6 4 2 4 3 4 3 6 3 5 5 3 6 CEAS 24 29 17 23 17 34 19 32 32 29 28 15 15 27 35 24 SEAS 7 4 7 10 12 12 12 9 8 9 7 13 6 5 12 8 EQAS 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 2 1 AUST 71 80 85 82 80 69 47 86 75 63 80 83 67 83 86 75 Globe 24 30 38 39 43 32 29 34 32 30 32 34 37 27 41 33 Woodland fires BONA 2 3 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TENA 19 32 19 25 23 9 18 30 21 18 17 15 22 19 18 19 CEAM 8 7 15 7 20 11 8 17 17 11 9 9 9 19 20 11 NHSA 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 0 2 SHSA 6 5 8 4 10 13 6 8 6 8 11 10 9 8 10 8 EURO 29 38 27 31 22 33 35 41 37 28 41 22 41 45 32 33 MIDE 13 8 14 26 10 9 8 16 12 16 23 15 6 13 14 13 NHAF 27 22 19 22 20 15 22 14 17 19 17 17 12 16 12 19 SHAF 42 38 38 36 36 32 33 32 35 32 32 33 31 30 26 34 BOAS 7 3 5 2 2 3 4 10 4 3 10 7 5 3 4 4 CEAS 8 9 11 7 14 10 7 13 12 10 11 15 11 13 13 11 SEAS 7 3 4 5 8 5 6 3 3 4 3 4 2 1 3 3 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 AUST 8 6 6 6 6 5 7 6 8 7 3 5 10 6 6 6 Globe 16 15 18 19 19 13 15 14 16 14 16 18 16 13 14 16 Deforestation and degradation fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 2 4 2 0 2 1 0 1 CEAM 54 58 33 54 19 46 57 29 41 51 51 48 56 29 26 47 NHSA 47 70 21 29 30 23 64 34 23 23 47 26 26 51 18 46 SHSA 51 44 38 44 37 47 59 64 72 70 65 59 57 72 62 60 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 11 11 12 12 10 12 11 10 12 13 11 11 11 13 13 12 SHAF 5 5 5 6 6 5 8 6 7 6 7 8 7 8 6 6 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 4 4 17 6 1 2 4 13 10 5 9 11 14 13 3 7 SEAS 65 71 66 63 49 58 56 68 64 69 73 57 76 79 67 68 EQAS 41 64 63 77 52 54 63 62 70 55 67 80 56 78 45 52 AUST 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 8 1 1 3 5 0 3 2 Globe 25 22 19 14 12 19 17 26 30 26 32 17 20 38 18 23 Forest fires (excluding deforestation and degradation) BONA 87 89 91 87 92 97 97 98 98 97 97 98 98 98 98 96 TENA 42 52 61 54 50 80 68 44 41 58 72 73 45 39 58 60 CEAM 20 21 34 23 28 23 19 18 28 23 17 21 14 28 41 24 NHSA 15 10 10 11 12 14 12 8 13 14 11 13 12 11 8 11 SHSA 14 13 17 14 9 12 12 14 10 9 10 13 13 7 10 11 EURO 48 36 22 30 14 31 40 19 53 54 23 10 19 32 24 32 MIDE 2 2 6 10 2 2 4 3 5 9 12 8 2 4 6 5 NHAF 11 9 9 9 8 8 7 9 8 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 SHAF 18 16 17 16 15 15 14 16 15 16 14 15 16 15 16 16 BOAS 68 83 83 89 89 92 87 77 86 89 72 83 84 89 88 86 CEAS 42 29 23 36 7 20 51 8 9 25 16 17 27 18 20 26 SEAS 15 14 18 14 11 12 13 11 10 9 10 11 8 9 10 12 EQAS 8 10 10 10 6 5 6 7 5 4 10 7 8 12 6 7 AUST 17 13 7 10 12 23 44 6 9 28 15 9 18 9 5 16 Globe 15 29 21 24 20 28 34 22 18 21 16 26 22 20 23 23 Agricultural waste burning BONA 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 10 9 10 10 14 5 8 16 16 8 5 6 17 31 8 10 CEAM 9 9 11 9 15 11 11 25 9 10 14 12 14 14 7 10 NHSA 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 SHSA 5 5 6 6 6 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 1 3 3 EURO 11 15 30 29 58 30 19 35 7 17 31 63 31 21 38 27 MIDE 57 52 52 34 76 70 63 58 62 55 49 55 67 51 55 58 NHAF 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 SHAF 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 BOAS 14 3 6 3 4 3 4 10 6 5 12 7 6 3 5 5 CEAS 22 28 32 28 61 33 18 34 37 30 35 43 33 29 30 32 SEAS 6 7 5 8 21 14 13 9 14 9 8 15 9 5 8 9 EQAS 4 4 5 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Globe 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 2 3 3 Peat fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EQAS 46 22 19 6 37 37 29 28 23 38 17 10 33 2 44 37 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Globe 16 1 0 0 1 4 1 1 1 6 0 0 2 0 1 3 Deforestation + degradation + peat fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 2 4 2 0 2 1 0 1 CEAM 54 58 33 54 19 46 57 29 41 51 51 48 56 29 26 47 NHSA 47 70 21 29 30 23 64 34 23 23 47 26 26 51 18 46 SHSA 51 44 38 44 37 47 59 64 72 70 65 59 57 72 62 60 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 11 11 12 12 10 12 11 10 12 13 11 11 11 13 13 12 SHAF 5 5 5 6 6 5 8 6 7 6 7 8 7 8 6 6 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 4 4 17 6 1 2 4 13 10 5 9 11 14 13 3 7 SEAS 65 71 66 63 49 58 56 68 64 69 73 57 76 79 67 68 EQAS 87 86 82 83 89 91 91 90 94 93 84 90 89 80 89 89 AUST 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 8 1 1 3 5 0 3 2 Globe 41 23 19 14 13 24 18 27 32 32 32 17 22 38 19 26