Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3.1 emissions in 1E9 g Toluene_lump per year All sources Year Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean BONA 41 250 80 31 11 164 142 334 158 118 96 118 106 215 128 133 TENA 4 20 28 31 17 26 24 13 18 27 48 33 24 25 37 25 CEAM 30 131 34 60 22 31 66 27 60 47 36 34 46 19 67 47 NHSA 30 69 16 22 20 11 73 29 15 13 31 16 15 10 10 25 SHSA 330 655 497 222 223 336 321 482 649 359 825 304 150 947 226 435 EURO 10 17 11 34 33 8 17 11 13 14 26 15 9 7 11 16 MIDE 7 10 9 5 19 12 10 9 9 11 14 6 16 11 11 11 NHAF 704 669 606 629 507 558 578 478 616 517 507 508 422 419 445 544 SHAF 639 835 647 624 602 564 696 679 734 643 622 675 639 713 648 664 BOAS 133 772 228 355 277 491 875 50 132 264 145 485 184 206 245 323 CEAS 191 112 71 141 210 187 139 94 106 131 141 200 132 98 37 133 SEAS 121 382 287 111 120 221 159 340 220 170 320 161 218 422 189 229 EQAS 5000 640 112 47 289 1179 262 398 411 1524 66 61 392 3 163 703 AUST 122 110 172 142 182 164 170 146 88 171 121 75 142 49 155 134 Globe 7361 4672 2798 2454 2533 3951 3532 3090 3229 4009 3000 2689 2495 3144 2372 3422 Grassland and open savanna fires BONA 3 15 3 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 TENA 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 CEAM 1 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 NHSA 7 11 9 11 9 5 14 15 8 6 11 7 7 3 7 9 SHSA 58 151 104 51 57 64 49 51 64 31 88 34 18 91 29 63 EURO 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 NHAF 282 320 287 284 246 283 278 251 310 246 259 263 227 218 241 266 SHAF 183 275 213 214 224 226 266 265 266 248 245 256 248 292 287 247 BOAS 7 62 8 13 7 6 23 1 3 5 4 7 5 7 5 11 CEAS 17 11 4 11 7 19 11 9 10 12 11 7 6 9 4 10 SEAS 6 10 14 7 6 13 10 19 8 9 15 10 8 16 15 11 EQAS 9 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 AUST 80 82 139 109 136 104 68 118 62 94 91 59 87 36 127 93 Globe 655 946 787 708 697 728 725 734 737 659 729 648 612 676 723 718 Woodland fires BONA 1 5 2 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 TENA 0 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 5 3 2 1 4 3 CEAM 1 5 3 3 2 2 3 2 6 3 2 2 2 2 8 3 NHSA 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHSA 13 22 28 6 16 35 17 32 35 25 77 25 10 69 19 29 EURO 1 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 158 126 96 116 81 70 109 53 89 81 74 72 43 56 45 85 SHAF 231 274 214 194 191 159 205 193 224 184 178 200 178 186 152 198 BOAS 4 13 7 5 4 11 23 3 3 5 7 19 5 4 6 8 CEAS 6 4 2 3 6 6 4 4 4 4 5 7 4 4 2 4 SEAS 6 8 8 3 4 5 5 7 4 4 6 3 2 4 3 5 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AUST 9 6 11 8 10 7 9 8 6 10 3 4 13 3 9 8 Globe 433 471 375 347 319 299 383 308 378 323 362 336 262 334 250 345 Deforestation and degradation fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAM 10 46 6 19 2 8 21 3 14 14 9 9 13 3 11 13 NHSA 11 44 3 6 5 2 42 9 3 2 13 4 3 4 2 10 SHSA 122 207 131 69 58 128 154 262 418 213 459 144 63 612 115 210 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 67 64 59 65 39 58 57 38 60 57 46 48 37 46 50 53 SHAF 30 39 31 32 30 27 46 36 46 33 36 46 41 47 37 37 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 3 1 4 3 1 1 3 4 3 2 4 5 5 4 0 3 SEAS 53 175 136 43 24 66 47 143 71 72 152 44 103 242 83 97 EQAS 395 129 24 20 35 150 46 69 94 195 17 24 55 2 15 85 AUST 5 1 2 2 4 5 3 2 7 2 1 2 7 0 4 3 Globe 694 708 395 259 198 444 420 566 716 590 739 327 329 962 318 511 Forest fires (excluding deforestation and degradation) BONA 36 229 73 27 10 159 139 330 154 116 94 115 104 211 124 128 TENA 1 8 13 12 6 18 13 4 5 13 30 19 7 4 17 11 CEAM 5 23 9 11 4 5 10 2 14 8 4 5 4 4 24 9 NHSA 5 9 2 3 3 2 11 3 2 2 4 3 2 1 1 4 SHSA 45 85 83 30 20 46 44 77 77 40 96 43 20 86 25 54 EURO 3 4 1 5 1 1 4 1 5 4 3 0 1 1 1 2 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 86 72 60 64 45 54 48 47 55 49 46 44 41 37 43 53 SHAF 137 157 135 123 111 106 121 131 139 131 110 124 124 133 126 127 BOAS 58 594 157 283 210 409 655 28 92 196 70 308 124 167 183 236 CEAS 43 16 7 23 4 16 41 3 4 15 10 12 15 8 3 15 SEAS 17 49 51 13 7 18 15 31 16 13 28 12 15 40 17 23 EQAS 109 27 5 4 5 21 6 11 8 22 4 3 11 0 3 16 AUST 27 19 15 19 29 48 89 12 11 60 24 8 32 6 10 27 Globe 571 1291 611 617 456 904 1196 681 582 669 524 696 500 699 577 705 Agricultural waste burning BONA 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 3 1 TENA 1 7 11 13 9 6 8 7 10 10 11 9 13 18 13 10 CEAM 13 52 15 24 12 15 30 19 24 21 19 16 25 10 21 21 NHSA 6 5 2 2 3 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 SHSA 91 191 151 66 73 63 56 59 55 50 104 58 37 89 37 79 EURO 4 9 8 25 30 6 10 9 4 8 20 14 7 4 9 11 MIDE 6 8 8 4 18 11 9 9 8 9 12 5 15 10 10 10 NHAF 110 88 104 100 95 92 86 89 102 85 82 81 75 62 65 88 SHAF 58 89 54 60 46 47 57 53 59 46 53 49 48 54 45 55 BOAS 63 103 57 54 56 65 174 19 34 58 64 151 50 28 52 68 CEAS 123 81 54 101 193 145 80 74 86 97 111 168 102 72 27 101 SEAS 40 140 77 44 78 118 81 139 121 72 120 92 89 120 71 94 EQAS 278 55 14 8 12 48 10 16 13 44 6 5 19 0 8 36 AUST 1 2 6 4 3 0 1 5 3 5 1 2 3 4 6 3 Globe 797 830 562 507 629 619 609 502 521 506 607 654 485 473 367 578 Peat fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EQAS 4211 427 69 14 235 958 200 299 295 1261 39 29 306 0 138 565 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Globe 4211 427 69 14 235 958 200 299 295 1261 39 29 306 0 138 565 Deforestation + degradation + peat fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAM 10 46 6 19 2 8 21 3 14 14 9 9 13 3 11 13 NHSA 11 44 3 6 5 2 42 9 3 2 13 4 3 4 2 10 SHSA 122 207 131 69 58 128 154 262 418 213 459 144 63 612 115 210 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 67 64 59 65 39 58 57 38 60 57 46 48 37 46 50 53 SHAF 30 39 31 32 30 27 46 36 46 33 36 46 41 47 37 37 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 3 1 4 3 1 1 3 4 3 2 4 5 5 4 0 3 SEAS 53 175 136 43 24 66 47 143 71 72 152 44 103 242 83 97 EQAS 4605 556 92 35 269 1107 246 369 389 1456 56 53 361 2 153 650 AUST 5 1 2 2 4 5 3 2 7 2 1 2 7 0 4 3 Globe 4905 1134 464 274 433 1402 619 865 1011 1852 778 355 635 962 455 1076