Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3.1 emissions in 1E9 g Toluene_lump per year, contributions (below All sources) as percentage All sources Year Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean BONA 41 250 80 31 11 164 142 334 158 118 96 118 106 215 128 133 TENA 4 20 28 31 17 26 24 13 18 27 48 33 24 25 37 25 CEAM 30 131 34 60 22 31 66 27 60 47 36 34 46 19 67 47 NHSA 30 69 16 22 20 11 73 29 15 13 31 16 15 10 10 25 SHSA 330 655 497 222 223 336 321 482 649 359 825 304 150 947 226 435 EURO 10 17 11 34 33 8 17 11 13 14 26 15 9 7 11 16 MIDE 7 10 9 5 19 12 10 9 9 11 14 6 16 11 11 11 NHAF 704 669 606 629 507 558 578 478 616 517 507 508 422 419 445 544 SHAF 639 835 647 624 602 564 696 679 734 643 622 675 639 713 648 664 BOAS 133 772 228 355 277 491 875 50 132 264 145 485 184 206 245 323 CEAS 191 112 71 141 210 187 139 94 106 131 141 200 132 98 37 133 SEAS 121 382 287 111 120 221 159 340 220 170 320 161 218 422 189 229 EQAS 5000 640 112 47 289 1179 262 398 411 1524 66 61 392 3 163 703 AUST 122 110 172 142 182 164 170 146 88 171 121 75 142 49 155 134 Globe 7361 4672 2798 2454 2533 3951 3532 3090 3229 4009 3000 2689 2495 3144 2372 3422 Grassland and open savanna fires BONA 7 6 4 8 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 TENA 16 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 9 7 3 3 6 3 9 5 CEAM 5 3 4 4 8 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 4 5 4 4 NHSA 24 16 56 49 46 47 19 51 49 49 35 47 49 29 67 34 SHSA 18 23 21 23 26 19 15 11 10 9 11 11 12 10 13 14 EURO 6 5 7 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 MIDE 6 8 6 9 2 3 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 7 5 5 NHAF 40 48 47 45 48 51 48 52 50 47 51 52 54 52 54 49 SHAF 29 33 33 34 37 40 38 39 36 39 39 38 39 41 44 37 BOAS 5 8 3 4 3 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 CEAS 9 10 5 8 3 10 8 10 9 9 8 4 5 9 12 7 SEAS 5 3 5 6 5 6 6 6 4 6 5 6 4 4 8 5 EQAS 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 0 0 AUST 65 75 81 77 75 63 40 81 70 55 75 79 61 74 82 69 Globe 9 20 28 29 28 18 21 24 23 16 24 24 25 21 30 21 Woodland fires BONA 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TENA 10 18 10 13 11 6 10 13 10 10 11 8 10 6 10 10 CEAM 5 4 8 4 10 6 5 6 10 6 4 5 5 9 12 6 NHSA 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 SHSA 4 3 6 3 7 10 5 7 5 7 9 8 7 7 9 7 EURO 15 18 9 10 4 10 14 12 22 12 13 4 13 18 9 11 MIDE 3 2 3 8 2 2 2 3 2 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 NHAF 22 19 16 18 16 13 19 11 14 16 15 14 10 13 10 16 SHAF 36 33 33 31 32 28 29 28 31 29 29 30 28 26 23 30 BOAS 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 5 2 2 5 4 3 2 2 2 CEAS 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 5 4 3 SEAS 5 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AUST 8 5 6 6 5 4 6 6 7 6 3 5 9 5 6 6 Globe 6 10 13 14 13 8 11 10 12 8 12 13 11 11 11 10 Deforestation and degradation fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 CEAM 32 35 18 32 9 25 32 11 24 29 26 26 29 14 16 27 NHSA 37 64 18 26 26 19 58 31 20 19 42 22 22 45 17 40 SHSA 37 32 26 31 26 38 48 54 64 59 56 47 42 65 51 48 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 10 11 9 9 9 11 11 10 SHAF 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 6 5 6 7 6 7 6 6 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 1 1 5 2 0 1 2 4 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 SEAS 44 46 48 39 20 30 30 42 32 42 47 27 47 57 44 42 EQAS 8 20 21 44 12 13 18 17 23 13 25 40 14 57 9 12 AUST 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 7 1 1 3 5 0 2 2 Globe 9 15 14 11 8 11 12 18 22 15 25 12 13 31 13 15 Forest fires (excluding deforestation and degradation) BONA 87 91 92 88 85 97 97 99 97 98 97 98 98 98 97 96 TENA 33 40 45 39 33 69 53 27 26 46 62 60 27 17 46 45 CEAM 16 18 26 19 19 18 15 9 23 18 12 15 10 19 36 19 NHSA 17 12 12 14 14 16 15 10 16 16 14 16 14 13 10 14 SHSA 14 13 17 14 9 14 14 16 12 11 12 14 14 9 11 13 EURO 35 24 10 14 4 14 23 8 43 32 10 3 9 18 9 15 MIDE 1 1 2 4 0 1 1 1 1 3 4 2 0 1 2 1 NHAF 12 11 10 10 9 10 8 10 9 10 9 9 10 9 10 10 SHAF 21 19 21 20 19 19 17 19 19 20 18 18 19 19 19 19 BOAS 44 77 69 80 76 83 75 55 70 74 48 63 68 81 75 73 CEAS 22 14 10 17 2 9 30 4 3 11 7 6 11 9 9 11 SEAS 14 13 18 12 6 8 10 9 7 8 9 7 7 10 9 10 EQAS 2 4 5 8 2 2 2 3 2 1 5 5 3 12 2 2 AUST 22 17 9 13 16 30 52 8 12 35 20 11 23 12 6 20 Globe 8 28 22 25 18 23 34 22 18 17 17 26 20 22 24 21 Agricultural waste burning BONA 4 1 1 3 11 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 TENA 41 38 39 42 49 21 34 55 54 35 24 28 56 74 34 39 CEAM 42 40 44 40 54 47 46 70 40 44 53 48 53 52 32 44 NHSA 21 7 13 9 13 17 7 7 12 13 7 13 13 11 7 10 SHSA 28 29 30 30 33 19 18 12 8 14 13 19 25 9 16 18 EURO 43 54 74 73 90 74 60 79 33 56 75 92 76 63 80 71 MIDE 91 89 89 79 96 95 93 91 92 90 87 90 94 88 90 91 NHAF 16 13 17 16 19 17 15 19 17 16 16 16 18 15 15 16 SHAF 9 11 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 7 9 7 8 8 7 8 BOAS 48 13 25 15 20 13 20 38 25 22 44 31 27 13 21 21 CEAS 64 72 76 72 92 77 58 79 81 74 79 84 77 74 74 76 SEAS 33 37 27 40 65 53 51 41 55 42 37 57 41 29 37 41 EQAS 6 9 12 16 4 4 4 4 3 3 10 8 5 11 5 5 AUST 1 2 3 3 2 0 1 3 4 3 1 2 2 8 4 2 Globe 11 18 20 21 25 16 17 16 16 13 20 24 19 15 15 17 Peat fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EQAS 84 67 61 30 81 81 76 75 72 83 59 47 78 15 84 80 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Globe 57 9 2 1 9 24 6 10 9 31 1 1 12 0 6 17 Deforestation + degradation + peat fires BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 CEAM 32 35 18 32 9 25 32 11 24 29 26 26 29 14 16 27 NHSA 37 64 18 26 26 19 58 31 20 19 42 22 22 45 17 40 SHSA 37 32 26 31 26 38 48 54 64 59 56 47 42 65 51 48 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NHAF 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 8 10 11 9 9 9 11 11 10 SHAF 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 6 5 6 7 6 7 6 6 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CEAS 1 1 5 2 0 1 2 4 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 SEAS 44 46 48 39 20 30 30 42 32 42 47 27 47 57 44 42 EQAS 92 87 82 74 93 94 94 93 95 96 84 87 92 72 93 92 AUST 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 7 1 1 3 5 0 2 2 Globe 67 24 17 11 17 35 18 28 31 46 26 13 25 31 19 31