# Global Fire Emissions Database version 4.1 including small fire burned area (GFED4s) # Estimates for 2017 onwards based on relations between active fires and emissions # These estimates carry a larger uncertainty, especially due to extrapolation in areas # that saw few fires in the 1997-2016 era. They are not suitable for trend analyses. # # In winter 2023-2024 GFED5 will be released # NOTE THAT AQUA HAD ISSUES IN THE SECOND HALF OF AUGUST 2020; FOR THAT PERIOD THESE ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE # HCN emissions estimates in 1E9 g HCN for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) '97-'23 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | Mean BONA 86 327 140 70 39 335 227 365 266 188 147 116 146 269 184 209 403 474 523 155 356 251 289 31 556 348 2968 | 351 TENA 11 13 23 22 11 20 17 11 14 21 32 23 13 13 19 28 18 20 35 21 47 50 11 113 98 39 18 | 29 CEAM 17 147 20 46 13 17 53 11 42 23 26 23 25 16 37 14 32 12 17 21 27 19 31 27 20 16 29 | 29 NHSA 29 41 22 30 31 18 49 27 20 17 34 20 22 25 11 14 16 27 24 42 16 30 42 36 13 22 25 | 27 SHSA 284 367 338 155 153 268 216 313 382 180 461 161 89 476 128 246 118 168 226 212 231 118 249 311 241 252 226 | 244 EURO 6 7 4 14 7 3 8 4 7 5 7 5 3 3 5 8 3 3 3 4 9 3 4 3 6 11 4 | 6 MIDE 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 | 1 NHAF 407 533 434 461 391 411 375 344 421 333 367 371 325 295 339 305 323 305 313 375 312 320 253 311 279 252 243 | 349 SHAF 517 606 516 486 644 534 567 563 592 556 530 569 568 611 587 535 580 532 534 533 531 519 540 479 533 486 519 | 547 BOAS 250 849 284 330 308 497 879 105 182 337 155 496 187 245 297 694 278 365 302 490 333 568 671 650 1197 219 382 | 428 TEAS 108 96 58 59 51 86 75 66 53 76 82 83 81 53 44 59 32 57 76 31 55 32 41 36 27 39 31 | 59 SEAS 71 152 125 91 59 64 77 146 108 86 142 64 104 127 69 101 96 121 98 96 65 69 94 95 94 48 88 | 95 EQAS 8059 217 305 66 221 1539 370 876 582 2708 66 57 1537 28 552 544 369 1538 3036 91 36 278 1384 35 31 16 431 | 925 AUST 97 87 166 109 158 148 129 106 59 126 95 59 99 36 139 143 72 98 82 58 88 109 277 99 54 50 127 | 107 Global 9949 3451 2443 1946 2094 3950 3050 2945 2735 4663 2151 2059 3207 2208 2419 2910 2347 3726 5276 2136 2114 2372 3893 2234 3159 1805 5100 | 3198 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 0 TENA 3 4 5 7 2 5 4 3 5 6 6 5 4 3 6 6 3 4 6 5 9 15 4 17 11 9 3 | 6 CEAM 9 54 11 24 7 9 21 6 20 10 12 11 12 9 18 8 13 7 8 10 13 10 15 13 10 7 14 | 14 NHSA 21 28 17 23 22 16 27 21 16 14 23 16 18 17 9 11 13 20 18 23 13 21 25 26 10 17 19 | 19 SHSA 168 175 170 72 109 156 114 140 149 83 192 86 52 192 67 130 65 81 99 96 112 60 127 154 125 114 109 | 119 EURO 2 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 2 1 | 2 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 | 1 NHAF 372 459 390 402 354 371 347 314 375 297 327 340 298 268 305 277 296 278 276 328 281 289 226 280 252 226 217 | 313 SHAF 498 584 499 464 590 485 525 516 541 508 499 526 527 564 549 502 534 493 490 486 490 477 499 441 491 448 481 | 508 BOAS 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 3 1 5 0 4 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 | 2 TEAS 21 18 11 11 12 26 16 18 18 19 14 13 10 18 11 12 6 15 17 8 22 9 15 9 9 12 9 | 15 SEAS 43 82 60 51 37 40 47 77 61 47 71 39 51 57 34 48 38 52 47 42 33 34 48 50 44 22 46 | 49 EQAS 84 21 11 5 6 27 11 21 8 24 8 7 12 6 8 7 7 13 25 5 3 7 15 2 2 2 7 | 14 AUST 70 66 145 92 136 110 56 99 53 85 78 53 77 32 131 132 50 82 70 47 78 96 94 45 50 46 118 | 82 Global 1299 1503 1326 1162 1285 1252 1179 1225 1256 1105 1239 1107 1068 1175 1146 1143 1032 1051 1063 1058 1064 1024 1076 1044 1019 914 1033 | 1143 Boreal forest fires: BONA 60 242 99 52 23 242 139 301 197 139 108 87 112 201 140 134 285 313 372 100 294 213 217 27 417 279 2238 | 261 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 215 775 248 287 253 449 778 79 147 284 131 432 149 168 270 622 241 325 275 428 311 512 623 599 1103 193 345 | 380 TEAS 48 38 17 27 9 35 40 16 5 29 38 29 33 6 9 27 4 6 26 4 10 6 6 4 2 8 5 | 19 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 324 1057 365 366 286 728 958 396 351 453 278 552 295 376 421 784 531 645 675 533 617 733 847 631 1522 481 2589 | 660 Temperate forest fires: BONA 8 9 4 1 4 3 5 1 1 3 1 1 3 6 1 2 1 5 4 3 15 10 22 0 29 4 46 | 8 TENA 6 7 16 13 6 13 10 5 6 12 22 15 7 5 10 20 13 14 26 12 34 32 5 92 84 27 12 | 20 CEAM 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 | 1 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 11 9 13 9 6 8 9 9 6 5 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 5 6 6 12 4 5 11 5 7 13 | 8 EURO 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1 2 4 1 | 2 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 BOAS 6 5 6 1 3 7 2 3 1 11 2 4 4 16 2 2 1 5 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 4 | 4 TEAS 17 19 16 8 9 6 7 11 8 8 9 13 16 14 11 7 10 13 10 6 6 6 6 9 7 7 6 | 10 SEAS 8 11 22 13 9 4 11 11 11 12 9 8 16 13 7 15 11 17 8 12 7 8 10 7 16 8 10 | 12 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 25 18 17 14 16 34 68 4 3 37 15 3 17 3 3 6 17 12 6 8 5 7 176 52 2 2 5 | 22 Global 87 89 100 67 58 81 119 48 42 96 74 58 73 70 48 66 64 75 66 54 90 78 232 177 152 67 103 | 87 Tropical deforestation & degradation: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 5 77 4 14 3 5 27 1 16 6 8 6 9 2 13 2 13 2 6 7 9 5 11 9 6 5 10 | 11 NHSA 7 11 3 5 7 1 20 4 2 1 9 3 2 7 0 2 2 5 5 18 2 7 15 8 1 3 4 | 6 SHSA 97 175 147 68 34 98 86 158 222 86 255 62 24 270 49 103 39 75 114 103 100 51 111 139 104 126 99 | 111 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 14 52 25 39 19 21 15 13 21 16 20 11 11 10 17 12 11 13 20 30 15 16 13 15 12 12 12 | 18 SHAF 7 7 5 11 36 34 30 34 35 35 20 33 31 36 28 22 35 29 34 36 29 29 30 28 30 28 28 | 28 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 SEAS 14 50 34 21 10 15 14 50 27 21 55 12 29 50 22 32 40 44 34 33 19 21 28 31 26 13 26 | 29 EQAS 390 64 43 18 10 105 26 77 28 125 12 8 65 6 27 28 23 80 140 11 6 24 67 5 4 3 28 | 53 AUST 0 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 0 1 4 0 2 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 3 1 1 1 2 | 2 Global 539 443 269 182 125 286 226 345 358 295 384 141 180 386 162 206 171 255 360 242 188 159 283 239 189 194 213 | 261 Peat fires: BONA 16 73 35 15 10 88 82 62 66 45 37 27 29 61 41 72 115 155 145 51 45 25 48 2 107 64 679 | 82 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 13 46 18 29 40 31 80 10 21 18 12 33 22 46 14 61 32 19 13 54 13 45 36 42 81 13 23 | 33 TEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 7572 128 248 41 202 1401 330 773 544 2554 44 39 1456 14 515 507 337 1443 2869 74 24 245 1300 27 23 8 394 | 857 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 7602 248 302 86 254 1522 493 847 632 2618 93 101 1509 122 572 640 485 1618 3028 180 83 317 1385 71 213 86 1097 | 971 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 | 1 TENA 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 | 2 CEAM 2 11 2 5 1 2 4 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 | 3 NHSA 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 | 1 SHSA 7 7 7 4 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 3 4 6 4 4 4 | 5 EURO 2 2 2 7 5 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 | 3 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 NHAF 20 21 18 20 17 18 12 16 24 20 19 18 15 16 16 15 15 13 15 16 15 14 12 15 14 13 14 | 17 SHAF 10 13 10 9 16 14 10 13 13 12 9 9 8 10 9 9 9 8 8 9 9 10 9 9 10 9 9 | 11 BOAS 11 19 9 9 8 8 16 8 9 18 8 21 8 12 8 7 2 13 9 5 5 5 7 5 6 7 6 | 10 TEAS 18 16 11 10 19 16 10 15 19 17 18 26 19 11 11 10 11 20 21 11 16 10 11 11 7 10 9 | 15 SEAS 5 7 6 5 1 3 3 6 7 4 5 3 7 5 5 5 6 7 8 7 4 5 7 6 6 4 4 | 6 EQAS 12 2 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 | 2 AUST 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 | 1 Global 97 109 78 79 83 79 72 81 93 94 80 98 79 76 68 67 61 78 81 67 69 60 68 68 61 61 62 | 77