# Global Fire Emissions Database version 4.1 including small fire burned area (GFED4s) # Estimates for 2017 onwards based on relations between active fires and emissions # These estimates carry a larger uncertainty, especially due to extrapolation in areas # that saw few fires in the 1997-2016 era. They are not suitable for trend analyses. # # In winter 2023-2024 GFED5 will be released # NOTE THAT AQUA HAD ISSUES IN THE SECOND HALF OF AUGUST 2020; FOR THAT PERIOD THESE ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE # N2O emissions estimates in 1E9 g N2O for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) '97-'23 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | Mean BONA 18 70 29 15 7 68 41 83 55 39 30 24 31 57 39 38 80 89 105 29 84 60 65 7 122 78 632 | 74 TENA 3 4 6 7 3 6 5 3 4 6 9 6 4 4 6 8 5 5 10 6 13 15 3 30 25 11 5 | 8 CEAM 8 68 9 21 6 8 25 5 19 10 11 10 11 7 17 6 14 5 8 9 12 8 14 12 9 7 13 | 13 NHSA 14 19 10 14 15 9 23 12 9 8 16 9 10 12 5 7 8 12 11 20 8 14 20 17 6 10 12 | 13 SHSA 133 173 158 71 72 126 101 148 181 84 219 75 40 226 59 116 54 78 106 99 107 55 118 146 114 119 105 | 115 EURO 2 2 1 5 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 | 2 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 1 NHAF 195 256 208 221 188 197 181 165 201 159 176 178 156 141 163 146 155 146 150 180 150 153 121 149 134 121 116 | 167 SHAF 250 293 250 235 311 258 274 272 286 269 256 275 275 296 284 259 281 257 258 258 257 251 261 232 258 235 251 | 265 BOAS 65 219 73 82 74 126 219 27 44 88 39 128 45 55 77 173 67 94 79 119 87 142 172 165 303 56 98 | 109 TEAS 34 30 18 19 17 30 24 23 19 26 26 27 25 19 14 19 10 19 25 11 20 11 15 12 9 13 11 | 20 SEAS 31 69 53 40 25 29 34 66 48 37 65 28 45 57 31 44 42 53 44 42 29 30 41 43 40 20 39 | 42 EQAS 418 45 32 12 13 100 26 67 31 135 11 9 74 7 30 30 23 80 150 9 6 21 72 4 4 3 27 | 54 AUST 40 37 76 49 72 63 44 50 28 51 42 28 43 16 66 67 30 44 38 26 41 51 88 34 25 23 60 | 46 Global 1218 1293 930 797 812 1026 1005 929 936 920 909 805 768 903 799 922 776 892 990 815 821 819 997 859 1058 706 1376 | 929 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 4 7 2 8 5 4 1 | 3 CEAM 4 26 5 12 3 4 10 2 10 5 5 5 5 4 8 4 6 3 4 5 6 4 7 6 5 3 6 | 7 NHSA 10 13 8 11 10 7 13 10 7 7 11 7 8 8 4 5 6 10 8 11 6 10 12 13 5 8 9 | 9 SHSA 82 85 82 35 53 76 55 68 72 40 94 42 25 94 33 63 32 39 48 47 55 29 62 75 61 55 53 | 58 EURO 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 | 1 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 0 NHAF 181 224 190 196 173 181 169 153 183 144 159 166 145 130 149 135 144 135 135 160 137 141 110 136 123 110 106 | 153 SHAF 243 284 243 226 288 236 256 251 264 247 243 256 257 275 267 245 260 240 239 237 239 232 243 215 239 218 234 | 248 BOAS 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 | 1 TEAS 10 9 5 5 6 13 7 9 9 9 7 6 5 9 5 6 3 7 8 4 10 4 7 4 4 5 4 | 7 SEAS 21 40 29 24 18 19 23 37 30 23 34 19 25 28 16 23 18 25 23 20 16 16 23 24 21 11 22 | 24 EQAS 41 10 5 2 3 13 5 10 3 11 4 3 6 3 4 3 3 6 12 2 1 3 7 1 1 1 3 | 7 AUST 34 32 70 45 66 53 27 48 25 41 38 26 37 15 64 64 24 40 34 23 38 47 46 22 24 22 57 | 40 Global 633 733 647 567 626 610 575 597 612 539 604 540 521 573 559 558 503 513 518 516 519 499 525 509 497 445 504 | 558 Boreal forest fires: BONA 16 65 26 14 6 65 37 81 53 37 29 23 30 54 37 36 77 84 100 27 79 57 58 7 112 75 603 | 70 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 58 209 66 77 68 121 209 21 39 76 35 116 40 45 72 167 65 87 74 115 84 138 168 161 297 52 93 | 102 TEAS 13 10 4 7 2 9 10 4 1 7 10 7 8 1 2 7 1 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 | 5 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 87 285 98 98 77 196 258 106 94 122 75 149 79 101 113 211 143 174 182 143 166 197 228 170 410 129 698 | 178 Temperate forest fires: BONA 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 2 4 0 6 0 10 | 2 TENA 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 5 3 1 1 2 4 2 3 5 2 7 7 1 20 18 6 2 | 4 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 | 2 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 TEAS 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 | 2 SEAS 1 2 5 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 | 3 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 5 4 3 3 3 7 15 0 0 8 3 0 3 0 0 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 39 11 0 0 1 | 5 Global 19 19 22 14 13 18 26 10 9 21 16 13 16 15 10 14 14 16 14 12 20 17 51 39 33 14 23 | 19 Tropical deforestation & degradation: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 2 36 2 6 1 2 12 0 8 3 4 2 4 1 6 1 6 1 3 3 4 2 5 4 2 2 4 | 5 NHSA 3 5 1 2 3 0 9 2 1 0 4 1 1 3 0 1 1 2 2 8 1 3 7 3 0 1 2 | 3 SHSA 46 83 70 32 16 46 41 75 105 41 121 29 11 128 23 49 19 36 54 49 48 24 53 66 49 60 47 | 53 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 6 24 12 18 9 10 7 6 10 7 9 5 5 4 8 5 5 6 9 14 7 7 6 7 6 5 5 | 9 SHAF 3 3 2 5 17 16 14 16 17 16 9 16 15 17 13 10 16 14 16 17 14 14 14 13 14 13 13 | 13 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 6 24 16 10 4 7 6 24 13 10 26 6 13 23 10 15 19 21 16 16 9 10 13 14 12 6 12 | 14 EQAS 185 30 20 8 5 50 12 36 13 59 5 3 31 3 12 13 11 38 66 5 3 11 32 2 2 1 13 | 25 AUST 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 | 1 Global 256 211 128 87 59 136 108 164 170 140 183 67 86 184 77 98 81 121 171 115 89 76 134 114 90 92 101 | 124 Peat fires: BONA 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 16 | 2 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 | 1 TEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 186 3 6 1 4 34 8 19 13 63 1 0 35 0 12 12 8 35 70 1 0 6 32 0 0 0 9 | 21 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 187 6 7 2 6 37 12 20 15 64 2 2 37 3 14 15 11 39 74 4 2 7 34 1 5 2 27 | 24 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 | 1 CEAM 0 3 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 | 1 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 | 2 EURO 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 | 1 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 7 7 6 6 6 6 4 5 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 | 6 SHAF 3 4 3 3 5 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 | 4 BOAS 4 6 3 3 3 2 5 2 3 6 3 7 2 4 2 2 0 4 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 | 3 TEAS 6 5 4 3 6 5 3 5 6 6 6 9 6 4 3 3 4 7 7 4 5 3 4 4 2 3 3 | 5 SEAS 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 | 2 EQAS 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 33 37 27 27 28 27 25 28 32 32 27 33 27 26 23 23 21 27 28 23 24 20 23 23 21 21 21 | 27