# Global Fire Emissions Database version 4.1 including small fire burned area (GFED4s) # Estimates for 2017 onwards based on relations between active fires and emissions # These estimates carry a larger uncertainty, especially due to extrapolation in areas # that saw few fires in the 1997-2016 era. They are not suitable for trend analyses. # # In winter 2023-2024 GFED5 will be released # NOTE THAT AQUA HAD ISSUES IN THE SECOND HALF OF AUGUST 2020; FOR THAT PERIOD THESE ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE # NH3 emissions estimates in 1E9 g NH3 for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) '97-'23 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | Mean BONA 124 473 194 109 54 457 271 553 371 262 203 164 213 380 263 261 534 598 700 194 557 404 428 56 808 517 4188 | 494 TENA 23 27 39 38 24 31 35 30 31 38 55 42 32 45 40 45 31 35 61 39 75 76 25 156 134 65 39 | 49 CEAM 47 403 53 122 34 46 145 40 113 64 72 59 73 44 96 35 88 32 52 59 73 49 83 74 54 44 80 | 79 NHSA 60 85 43 55 64 32 110 48 37 31 71 38 43 53 18 28 32 51 49 95 30 58 92 71 23 40 50 | 52 SHSA 590 845 755 355 283 558 469 734 936 424 1106 356 190 1152 282 545 260 386 537 501 512 266 553 694 534 588 501 | 553 EURO 22 24 19 62 40 15 25 24 22 23 27 29 16 16 23 34 15 16 10 15 29 14 20 13 21 42 13 | 24 MIDE 2 7 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 4 8 7 7 5 6 5 9 6 7 3 5 5 8 3 6 | 6 NHAF 673 912 715 786 643 679 585 564 723 579 626 611 530 498 565 506 526 494 534 639 521 528 427 523 469 426 419 | 582 SHAF 737 865 732 697 989 832 841 861 906 851 768 843 835 907 857 782 863 784 798 801 787 778 804 720 798 727 771 | 813 BOAS 488 1550 530 596 532 879 1534 212 344 670 306 953 341 423 555 1187 458 691 568 820 606 974 1180 1127 2046 408 678 | 765 TEAS 278 246 157 157 194 233 183 195 191 222 240 285 242 149 130 157 115 204 246 115 177 109 128 122 85 122 102 | 178 SEAS 151 331 265 187 104 132 149 317 239 177 318 128 234 292 163 225 238 280 238 232 149 162 217 221 206 111 193 | 210 EQAS 2678 271 204 79 84 633 165 421 200 875 68 53 479 38 192 192 146 518 961 58 36 134 461 29 25 20 171 | 341 AUST 130 119 224 145 216 198 169 148 87 168 123 80 138 51 189 192 100 135 117 80 128 152 359 129 77 70 173 | 145 Global 6010 6168 3943 3399 3278 4737 4694 4162 4213 4398 3994 3660 3384 4062 3388 4201 3420 4239 4887 3663 3694 3712 4788 3945 5293 3189 7389 | 4293 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 | 0 TENA 4 5 6 9 3 7 5 4 6 8 7 6 5 4 8 8 4 5 8 7 11 19 5 22 14 11 4 | 8 CEAM 12 68 14 31 9 12 27 7 26 13 15 15 15 12 23 10 17 9 10 13 17 12 19 16 13 10 18 | 18 NHSA 27 35 22 29 28 20 35 27 20 18 29 20 23 21 12 15 16 26 23 29 16 27 32 34 13 22 24 | 24 SHSA 214 222 215 91 138 198 145 178 189 106 244 110 66 244 86 165 83 103 126 122 143 76 162 195 159 145 139 | 151 EURO 2 3 1 5 1 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 2 4 0 1 0 3 3 1 | 2 MIDE 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 | 1 NHAF 472 582 494 509 449 471 440 399 476 376 415 431 377 340 387 351 375 352 351 417 357 366 287 355 320 287 276 | 397 SHAF 632 740 633 588 749 615 666 654 686 644 633 667 669 715 696 637 677 625 621 617 622 605 633 559 623 568 610 | 644 BOAS 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 4 2 6 1 5 2 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 | 3 TEAS 27 23 14 14 15 34 20 23 23 25 18 17 13 23 14 16 8 19 21 10 28 11 19 12 12 15 11 | 19 SEAS 55 104 76 64 47 51 60 98 78 60 90 49 65 73 44 61 48 66 59 53 42 43 61 63 56 28 58 | 62 EQAS 106 27 14 6 8 35 14 27 10 30 10 9 16 8 10 9 9 17 31 6 4 9 19 3 3 3 9 | 17 AUST 88 84 184 117 173 139 72 125 67 108 99 68 97 40 166 168 64 104 89 60 98 122 119 57 63 58 150 | 103 Global 1647 1906 1682 1474 1630 1588 1496 1554 1593 1402 1572 1404 1355 1490 1454 1450 1309 1334 1349 1342 1350 1298 1365 1325 1292 1159 1310 | 1450 Boreal forest fires: BONA 107 433 178 93 42 434 250 538 354 248 193 155 200 360 251 240 510 560 667 179 527 382 389 48 747 500 4005 | 467 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 385 1388 444 514 453 804 1392 142 264 508 234 773 267 301 484 1113 432 582 493 766 557 916 1115 1072 1973 346 618 | 680 TEAS 87 68 30 48 16 64 72 28 10 53 69 52 59 11 17 49 7 12 47 8 19 11 10 8 3 14 10 | 33 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 581 1891 653 656 512 1303 1714 709 629 811 497 989 528 673 754 1403 950 1155 1208 954 1105 1312 1515 1130 2724 861 4633 | 1180 Temperate forest fires: BONA 9 10 4 1 4 3 5 1 2 4 1 1 3 7 1 2 1 6 5 3 17 12 25 1 34 4 54 | 9 TENA 7 8 18 15 7 16 12 6 7 14 26 18 8 6 12 23 15 17 30 14 40 38 5 107 98 32 14 | 23 CEAM 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 | 1 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 12 11 15 10 7 9 11 10 7 6 8 7 8 9 7 8 8 6 7 7 14 5 6 13 6 9 15 | 9 EURO 2 2 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 1 2 5 2 | 2 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 BOAS 7 6 7 2 3 9 2 4 1 13 2 5 5 18 2 2 1 6 2 1 2 4 3 1 4 4 5 | 5 TEAS 20 22 18 9 11 7 8 13 9 10 10 15 19 16 13 9 12 15 12 7 7 7 8 11 8 9 7 | 12 SEAS 9 13 26 15 11 5 13 13 12 15 11 10 19 15 8 18 13 20 9 15 8 9 12 8 19 9 12 | 13 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 29 21 20 17 19 40 80 5 3 44 18 4 19 4 4 7 20 14 7 9 6 8 206 60 2 2 6 | 25 Global 101 104 117 78 68 95 139 56 49 112 86 68 86 81 56 77 75 88 77 63 105 91 271 207 178 78 121 | 101 Tropical deforestation & degradation: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 15 245 15 45 10 15 86 6 53 22 28 19 30 7 44 6 43 7 20 24 28 17 36 31 19 16 33 | 35 NHSA 22 37 12 18 24 6 66 13 9 4 30 10 8 23 2 6 9 16 17 57 8 22 49 25 5 12 15 | 20 SHSA 308 555 466 217 107 310 274 502 703 273 808 197 78 856 156 327 126 239 362 328 319 162 353 440 331 399 314 | 353 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 46 164 81 124 62 68 49 41 66 51 64 37 37 32 56 39 37 43 66 95 49 50 42 50 40 39 38 | 58 SHAF 23 24 16 37 115 108 95 107 113 112 64 106 100 115 89 72 112 94 108 115 94 94 96 89 96 89 89 | 88 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 6 8 5 3 2 1 4 12 4 2 5 3 4 8 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 | 3 SEAS 44 160 110 68 32 50 46 159 88 66 174 40 91 159 71 101 127 141 109 107 61 66 91 98 85 42 84 | 92 EQAS 1236 203 136 59 33 335 84 244 89 397 38 26 207 20 85 90 75 253 443 35 22 77 214 17 13 12 89 | 168 AUST 3 4 8 3 9 8 10 5 7 6 2 4 14 0 7 8 10 10 13 5 10 13 11 3 4 3 8 | 7 Global 1706 1405 853 578 397 905 718 1093 1136 935 1217 446 572 1224 514 655 543 809 1142 769 596 505 896 758 599 615 676 | 825 Peat fires: BONA 2 12 5 2 1 14 13 10 10 7 6 4 4 10 6 11 18 25 23 8 7 4 8 0 17 10 111 | 13 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 2 7 3 4 6 5 13 1 3 2 2 5 3 7 2 10 5 3 2 8 2 7 5 6 13 2 3 | 5 TEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 1241 21 40 6 33 229 54 126 89 418 7 6 238 2 84 83 55 236 470 12 4 40 213 4 3 1 64 | 140 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 1246 40 49 14 41 249 80 138 103 429 15 16 247 20 93 105 79 265 496 29 13 52 227 11 34 14 180 | 159 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 4 15 4 11 5 4 1 3 3 1 1 2 4 2 2 5 2 6 4 2 5 4 4 5 8 1 14 | 5 TENA 11 13 14 13 13 7 17 19 17 15 20 17 19 34 20 13 12 13 22 17 23 18 14 26 21 21 20 | 18 CEAM 18 84 21 43 13 17 31 26 33 26 26 22 27 23 27 15 26 15 21 21 26 17 26 25 20 17 27 | 26 NHSA 10 12 7 7 12 6 9 7 7 7 11 7 11 8 3 6 5 9 8 8 5 8 10 11 3 5 10 | 8 SHSA 54 56 58 35 29 39 38 43 36 38 44 40 37 41 31 43 41 36 40 44 35 22 31 45 36 34 31 | 40 EURO 17 18 15 54 37 12 18 22 16 19 21 26 14 13 20 28 13 15 8 12 21 11 18 10 15 34 9 | 19 MIDE 2 6 4 3 4 3 5 5 4 4 5 3 7 6 6 4 5 4 8 6 5 3 4 4 4 2 4 | 5 NHAF 155 164 139 151 132 139 95 123 179 151 146 141 115 125 121 115 113 98 116 126 114 110 97 117 109 99 104 | 126 SHAF 81 98 81 70 123 108 77 99 104 94 68 68 65 74 70 72 72 63 67 67 68 75 73 70 77 69 69 | 79 BOAS 89 144 73 72 66 60 122 60 71 139 65 162 62 92 63 59 18 97 67 42 42 44 53 44 52 52 47 | 73 TEAS 137 122 88 81 149 125 77 116 143 132 136 197 146 89 83 80 87 155 163 88 121 77 88 89 58 82 71 | 111 SEAS 40 52 51 37 13 24 29 45 59 35 41 28 58 44 39 43 48 52 59 56 36 42 52 50 45 30 37 | 43 EQAS 93 18 11 6 9 33 12 22 11 27 11 11 16 7 11 9 7 10 15 4 5 7 14 3 4 3 8 | 15 AUST 8 8 12 6 14 10 6 11 8 9 2 3 7 6 10 8 5 6 5 4 11 8 22 7 6 4 8 | 8 Global 726 820 587 596 628 595 544 608 700 706 604 734 594 571 514 508 461 586 612 504 523 453 511 511 463 460 466 | 578