# Global Fire Emissions Database version 4.1 including small fire burned area (GFED4s) # Estimates for 2017 onwards based on relations between active fires and emissions # These estimates carry a larger uncertainty, especially due to extrapolation in areas # that saw few fires in the 1997-2016 era. They are not suitable for trend analyses. # # In winter 2023-2024 GFED5 will be released # NOTE THAT AQUA HAD ISSUES IN THE SECOND HALF OF AUGUST 2020; FOR THAT PERIOD THESE ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE # PM2.5 emissions estimates in 1E10 g PM2.5 for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) '97-'23 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | Mean BONA 78 274 113 60 34 261 159 313 211 152 116 93 123 222 149 149 303 344 400 113 330 238 266 31 488 296 2420 | 287 TENA 20 24 42 41 20 37 31 22 26 38 58 42 25 26 36 51 33 37 64 38 85 90 20 203 177 71 34 | 52 CEAM 33 294 39 90 25 33 106 22 83 44 50 45 50 30 72 26 63 22 34 42 52 36 61 52 38 31 57 | 57 NHSA 55 78 42 55 58 34 96 49 36 30 65 37 40 48 19 27 31 49 46 82 30 56 81 68 24 40 47 | 49 SHSA 542 719 656 302 284 512 416 618 764 354 917 311 168 949 247 477 226 327 445 417 448 230 484 605 467 497 440 | 475 EURO 12 13 9 27 14 7 15 9 13 11 14 11 7 7 10 17 7 6 5 8 18 6 9 6 13 22 7 | 12 MIDE 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 6 2 3 | 3 NHAF 727 964 778 832 700 736 668 614 754 598 658 661 580 527 608 545 576 544 563 677 559 572 453 558 500 452 437 | 624 SHAF 912 1069 909 859 1149 955 1009 1005 1057 993 939 1013 1011 1089 1043 950 1033 946 952 951 945 925 961 854 949 865 924 | 973 BOAS 261 842 287 320 288 488 836 111 178 357 158 502 182 233 299 656 255 370 305 453 332 542 655 625 1145 221 377 | 418 TEAS 161 147 95 88 92 132 107 112 97 120 124 136 126 95 75 88 59 104 123 57 96 57 72 65 50 67 55 | 97 SEAS 134 290 237 171 108 121 144 279 205 162 274 120 199 247 134 194 189 234 189 186 125 132 180 183 179 92 168 | 181 EQAS 1869 197 145 56 60 445 118 298 139 609 49 39 332 29 134 134 104 362 673 43 26 95 323 20 18 15 120 | 239 AUST 172 155 294 193 279 263 231 188 106 224 167 105 177 65 245 252 128 174 146 103 157 193 495 177 96 89 225 | 189 Global 4985 5078 3655 3101 3122 4032 3945 3649 3678 3700 3599 3127 3030 3576 3081 3576 3015 3529 3958 3177 3213 3181 4068 3456 4156 2767 5320 | 3659 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 | 0 TENA 6 7 9 13 5 9 7 6 9 11 11 9 7 6 11 11 5 7 11 10 15 26 7 30 20 16 5 | 11 CEAM 16 95 19 43 13 16 37 10 35 19 21 20 21 17 31 14 24 12 14 18 23 17 26 23 18 13 24 | 24 NHSA 37 48 31 40 38 28 48 38 28 25 41 28 31 29 17 20 23 36 31 40 23 38 44 47 19 30 33 | 33 SHSA 295 306 297 126 190 273 200 245 261 146 337 152 91 337 118 228 115 143 174 169 197 105 223 270 219 200 191 | 208 EURO 3 4 2 7 2 1 5 2 5 2 5 1 1 2 2 4 2 0 1 3 5 1 1 1 4 4 1 | 3 MIDE 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 1 1 | 1 NHAF 650 803 682 703 620 649 607 550 657 519 572 595 521 469 534 484 517 486 484 575 492 505 396 490 441 396 380 | 548 SHAF 872 1021 873 811 1032 848 919 902 947 888 873 920 922 987 960 879 934 862 857 851 858 834 873 771 860 783 841 | 889 BOAS 4 4 2 3 3 1 5 6 2 9 1 7 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 3 4 | 4 TEAS 37 32 19 20 22 46 28 32 32 34 25 23 18 32 19 22 11 27 29 15 39 16 27 17 17 21 16 | 26 SEAS 76 144 105 89 65 71 83 135 108 83 125 68 90 100 60 84 67 91 82 73 58 59 84 88 78 39 80 | 85 EQAS 147 38 20 8 11 48 19 38 14 42 15 13 22 11 14 13 12 23 43 9 6 12 26 4 4 4 12 | 24 AUST 122 116 254 162 239 192 99 173 93 149 137 94 134 56 230 232 88 143 123 82 136 168 165 78 87 81 207 | 143 Global 2271 2629 2319 2033 2247 2190 2062 2143 2197 1933 2168 1936 1868 2055 2005 2000 1805 1839 1860 1850 1861 1790 1882 1827 1782 1598 1807 | 1999 Boreal forest fires: BONA 60 244 100 52 23 244 140 303 199 140 108 87 113 202 141 135 287 315 375 101 296 215 219 27 420 281 2253 | 263 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 216 781 249 289 255 452 783 79 148 286 132 435 150 169 272 626 243 327 277 431 313 515 627 603 1110 194 347 | 382 TEAS 49 38 17 27 9 36 40 16 5 29 38 29 33 6 10 27 4 7 26 4 10 6 6 4 2 8 5 | 19 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 326 1064 367 369 288 733 964 399 354 456 279 556 297 379 424 789 534 649 679 536 621 738 852 635 1532 484 2606 | 664 Temperate forest fires: BONA 14 16 7 2 7 5 9 2 3 6 2 2 5 11 2 4 2 9 7 5 26 19 39 1 53 7 83 | 13 TENA 11 13 28 23 11 24 19 9 12 22 41 28 12 9 19 36 23 26 46 23 62 58 9 165 150 49 22 | 36 CEAM 0 7 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 | 2 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 19 17 23 16 11 15 17 16 11 9 13 12 13 14 11 12 13 10 11 10 23 8 9 20 10 13 24 | 14 EURO 3 3 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 6 1 2 2 3 7 3 | 3 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 0 0 1 0 1 | 2 BOAS 12 9 11 3 6 13 3 6 3 20 4 8 7 28 4 3 1 9 4 2 3 6 5 2 6 6 7 | 8 TEAS 31 35 29 14 17 12 12 21 14 15 16 24 29 25 20 13 18 23 19 12 10 11 12 17 12 14 11 | 18 SEAS 14 21 41 24 17 8 20 21 19 23 17 16 29 24 13 28 20 31 15 23 13 15 18 13 30 14 19 | 21 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 46 32 30 26 30 61 123 7 5 67 28 6 30 6 7 11 31 21 12 14 10 12 316 93 3 4 10 | 39 Global 156 159 180 120 105 146 213 87 76 172 133 105 132 125 86 119 116 135 119 97 161 140 417 318 273 120 186 | 156 Tropical deforestation & degradation: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 10 168 10 30 7 10 59 4 36 15 19 13 21 5 30 4 30 5 13 16 19 11 24 21 13 11 22 | 24 NHSA 15 25 8 12 16 4 45 9 6 3 20 7 5 15 1 4 6 11 11 39 5 15 33 17 3 8 10 | 14 SHSA 211 380 318 148 73 212 187 343 481 186 553 135 53 586 107 224 86 164 248 224 218 110 241 301 227 273 215 | 241 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 31 112 55 85 42 46 33 28 45 34 44 25 25 22 38 27 25 29 45 65 33 34 28 34 27 26 26 | 40 SHAF 15 16 11 25 78 74 65 73 77 76 44 73 68 79 61 49 76 64 74 78 64 64 66 61 65 61 61 | 60 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 4 5 3 2 1 0 3 8 2 1 3 2 2 5 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 | 2 SEAS 30 109 75 47 22 34 31 109 60 45 119 27 62 108 48 69 87 96 74 73 42 45 62 67 58 29 57 | 63 EQAS 846 139 93 40 23 229 57 167 61 272 26 17 141 13 58 61 51 173 303 24 15 52 146 12 9 8 61 | 115 AUST 2 2 5 2 6 5 7 4 5 4 1 3 9 0 5 5 7 6 9 3 7 9 7 2 3 2 5 | 5 Global 1167 961 583 395 271 619 491 748 777 640 833 305 391 837 352 448 372 553 781 526 408 345 613 519 410 421 462 | 565 Peat fires: BONA 1 8 3 1 1 9 9 7 7 5 4 3 3 6 4 8 12 17 16 5 5 2 5 0 12 7 76 | 9 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 1 5 2 3 4 3 9 1 2 2 1 3 2 5 1 6 3 2 1 6 1 5 4 4 9 1 2 | 4 TEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 849 14 27 4 22 157 37 86 61 286 4 4 163 1 57 56 37 161 321 8 2 27 145 3 2 1 44 | 96 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 853 27 33 9 28 170 55 95 70 293 10 11 169 13 64 71 54 181 339 20 9 35 155 8 23 9 123 | 109 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 1 4 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 4 | 1 TENA 3 3 4 3 3 2 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 9 5 3 3 3 6 4 6 5 4 7 6 6 5 | 5 CEAM 5 24 6 12 4 5 9 7 9 7 7 6 7 6 7 4 7 4 6 6 7 5 7 7 5 4 8 | 8 NHSA 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 | 2 SHSA 15 16 16 10 8 11 11 12 10 11 12 11 10 11 9 12 12 10 11 12 10 6 8 13 10 10 8 | 11 EURO 5 5 4 15 10 3 5 6 4 5 6 7 4 3 5 8 3 4 2 3 6 3 5 3 4 9 2 | 6 MIDE 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 | 1 NHAF 44 47 40 43 38 40 27 35 51 43 42 40 33 36 35 33 32 28 33 36 33 31 28 33 31 28 30 | 36 SHAF 23 28 23 20 35 31 22 28 30 27 19 19 18 21 20 20 20 18 19 19 19 21 21 20 22 19 20 | 23 BOAS 25 41 21 20 19 17 35 17 20 40 18 46 17 26 18 17 5 28 19 12 12 12 15 12 15 15 13 | 21 TEAS 39 35 25 23 43 36 22 33 41 38 39 56 42 25 24 23 25 44 47 25 34 22 25 25 16 23 20 | 32 SEAS 11 15 14 10 3 7 8 13 17 10 11 8 16 12 11 12 13 15 17 16 10 12 15 14 13 8 10 | 12 EQAS 26 5 3 1 2 9 3 6 3 7 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 4 0 1 1 2 | 4 AUST 2 2 3 1 4 3 1 3 2 2 0 0 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 6 2 1 1 2 | 2 Global 209 236 169 172 181 171 157 175 202 203 174 211 171 164 148 146 133 169 176 145 150 130 147 147 133 132 134 | 167