# Global Fire Emissions Database version 4.1 including small fire burned area (GFED4s) # Estimates for 2017 onwards based on relations between active fires and emissions # These estimates carry a larger uncertainty, especially due to extrapolation in areas # that saw few fires in the 1997-2016 era. They are not suitable for trend analyses. # # In winter 2023-2024 GFED5 will be released # NOTE THAT AQUA HAD ISSUES IN THE SECOND HALF OF AUGUST 2020; FOR THAT PERIOD THESE ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE # TPM emissions estimates in 1E10 g TPM for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) '97-'23 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | Mean BONA 95 325 134 73 42 306 188 363 246 178 136 109 145 260 174 176 354 404 468 134 388 280 317 37 578 345 2827 | 337 TENA 28 34 58 55 29 50 44 32 37 52 80 59 37 40 51 71 46 51 90 53 117 122 29 276 242 98 49 | 72 CEAM 47 411 55 125 34 47 147 33 115 63 71 62 71 42 100 36 88 31 49 59 73 50 85 73 54 43 80 | 80 NHSA 72 101 53 70 76 42 127 62 46 39 84 48 52 62 24 34 39 63 59 108 39 72 107 87 30 51 60 | 64 SHSA 709 961 873 405 364 670 551 829 1033 475 1234 413 224 1280 328 633 301 438 600 561 597 307 641 804 619 666 586 | 634 EURO 19 20 15 45 26 12 23 17 19 18 22 20 12 12 18 27 12 11 9 13 27 10 15 11 19 35 12 | 19 MIDE 2 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 3 5 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 5 2 4 4 9 3 4 | 4 NHAF 905 1208 967 1041 871 916 823 764 947 752 825 823 720 659 758 679 715 675 705 847 698 712 567 697 625 565 548 | 779 SHAF 1105 1295 1100 1040 1410 1175 1230 1232 1296 1218 1141 1235 1230 1328 1267 1155 1260 1153 1162 1162 1152 1131 1173 1044 1159 1057 1127 | 1187 BOAS 324 1007 351 387 350 580 995 144 223 450 199 620 227 299 361 772 299 452 368 533 394 637 769 732 1333 269 447 | 501 TEAS 228 209 138 125 147 186 146 165 151 174 181 210 188 139 112 125 94 163 186 90 144 87 108 101 75 101 84 | 143 SEAS 178 387 318 228 140 159 189 371 275 216 366 158 270 333 182 262 260 319 259 256 169 181 244 248 242 126 226 | 244 EQAS 2650 276 204 79 84 629 166 421 198 864 69 54 472 40 190 190 146 513 954 60 36 134 457 29 25 21 170 | 339 AUST 215 192 358 235 342 326 299 228 130 281 205 127 219 79 296 304 161 213 179 126 193 235 651 228 117 108 272 | 235 Global 6584 6440 4637 3920 3928 5109 4939 4672 4728 4790 4625 3952 3879 4587 3872 4476 3786 4499 5102 4013 4038 3967 5172 4378 5134 3495 6498 | 4638 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 | 0 TENA 7 8 10 15 6 11 8 7 11 13 13 10 8 7 13 13 7 8 13 12 18 31 8 35 23 19 7 | 13 CEAM 19 112 23 51 15 20 44 12 42 22 25 24 24 20 37 17 28 15 17 21 27 20 31 27 21 16 29 | 29 NHSA 44 58 37 48 45 33 57 45 33 30 48 33 37 35 20 24 27 42 37 47 27 45 53 55 22 36 39 | 40 SHSA 350 362 352 150 226 323 237 291 309 173 400 180 108 399 140 270 136 169 206 200 233 124 265 320 260 237 227 | 247 EURO 4 5 2 9 3 2 6 2 6 2 6 1 2 2 2 5 2 0 2 4 6 1 1 1 5 5 2 | 4 MIDE 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 | 1 NHAF 771 952 808 833 735 770 720 652 779 616 678 705 617 556 633 574 613 576 574 681 584 599 470 581 523 470 451 | 649 SHAF 1033 1211 1035 962 1224 1005 1090 1069 1122 1053 1035 1090 1094 1170 1138 1042 1107 1022 1016 1009 1017 989 1035 915 1019 929 997 | 1053 BOAS 5 5 3 3 4 2 6 7 3 10 1 9 4 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 2 3 2 5 4 5 | 4 TEAS 44 39 23 24 26 55 33 38 38 41 30 27 22 38 23 26 13 32 35 17 46 19 32 20 20 25 19 | 30 SEAS 91 171 125 106 77 84 98 160 128 99 148 81 106 119 72 100 80 108 97 87 69 71 100 104 92 47 95 | 101 EQAS 174 45 23 10 13 57 23 45 16 50 17 15 26 13 17 15 15 28 51 10 8 15 31 5 5 5 15 | 28 AUST 145 138 301 192 283 228 117 205 110 176 162 111 159 66 272 275 105 170 146 98 161 200 196 93 103 96 245 | 169 Global 2693 3116 2750 2410 2664 2596 2445 2541 2604 2292 2570 2295 2215 2436 2377 2371 2139 2180 2205 2194 2207 2123 2231 2166 2112 1895 2142 | 2370 Boreal forest fires: BONA 69 280 115 60 27 281 161 348 229 161 125 100 130 233 163 155 330 362 431 116 341 247 252 31 483 323 2591 | 302 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 249 898 287 332 293 520 900 91 171 329 151 500 173 195 313 720 279 376 319 496 361 593 721 694 1277 224 400 | 440 TEAS 56 44 19 31 10 41 46 18 6 34 44 33 38 7 11 31 4 8 30 5 12 7 6 5 2 9 6 | 21 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 376 1224 422 424 331 843 1109 459 407 525 321 640 341 436 487 908 615 747 781 617 715 849 980 731 1763 557 2998 | 764 Temperate forest fires: BONA 19 22 10 4 10 8 12 2 4 8 3 3 8 16 3 5 3 13 10 8 36 26 54 2 72 10 114 | 18 TENA 15 18 39 32 16 34 26 13 16 30 56 38 17 13 26 49 32 35 63 31 85 80 12 225 205 67 30 | 49 CEAM 1 9 4 4 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 6 0 1 3 3 2 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 | 3 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 27 23 32 22 15 20 23 22 15 13 18 16 18 19 16 17 17 13 15 14 31 11 13 27 14 18 33 | 20 EURO 5 4 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 3 6 1 2 2 2 8 1 3 3 5 10 4 | 4 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 2 4 1 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 3 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 | 2 BOAS 16 13 16 4 8 18 5 9 4 27 6 12 10 39 6 4 2 12 5 3 4 9 7 3 8 8 10 | 10 TEAS 43 47 39 20 23 16 17 29 19 21 22 32 40 34 28 18 25 31 26 16 14 15 16 23 17 19 15 | 25 SEAS 20 28 56 33 23 11 28 29 27 31 24 21 40 33 18 38 28 42 20 31 18 20 25 18 41 19 26 | 28 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 62 45 42 35 41 84 168 10 7 92 38 8 41 9 9 15 42 29 16 20 14 17 431 127 4 6 13 | 53 Global 213 217 245 164 143 200 291 119 103 234 181 144 180 171 117 162 158 184 162 132 220 191 568 434 373 163 253 | 213 Tropical deforestation & degradation: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 15 240 15 44 10 15 84 6 52 21 27 19 30 7 43 6 42 7 19 24 28 17 35 30 19 15 32 | 34 NHSA 22 36 12 17 23 5 64 13 9 4 29 10 8 22 2 6 9 15 16 56 8 21 48 25 5 11 15 | 19 SHSA 301 543 455 212 105 303 268 490 687 266 790 193 76 837 153 320 123 234 354 320 312 158 345 430 324 390 307 | 345 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 45 161 79 121 60 67 48 40 65 49 62 36 36 32 55 38 36 42 64 93 48 49 41 49 39 38 37 | 57 SHAF 22 23 16 36 112 106 93 105 110 109 63 104 98 112 87 70 109 92 105 112 92 92 94 87 93 87 87 | 86 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 6 8 5 3 2 1 4 12 4 2 5 3 3 8 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 | 3 SEAS 43 157 108 67 31 49 45 156 86 65 170 39 89 155 69 99 124 138 106 104 60 65 89 96 83 41 82 | 90 EQAS 1208 199 133 58 33 328 82 238 87 388 37 25 202 19 83 88 73 248 433 34 21 75 209 17 13 11 87 | 165 AUST 3 4 7 3 8 8 10 5 7 6 2 4 13 0 7 8 10 9 13 5 10 13 11 3 4 3 8 | 7 Global 1668 1373 833 565 388 885 702 1069 1110 914 1190 436 559 1196 503 640 531 791 1117 752 583 494 876 741 585 601 660 | 806 Peat fires: BONA 2 11 5 2 1 14 13 10 10 7 5 4 4 9 6 11 18 24 23 8 7 4 7 0 17 10 108 | 13 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 2 7 2 4 6 5 12 1 3 2 1 5 3 7 2 9 5 3 2 8 2 7 5 6 13 2 3 | 5 TEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 1213 20 39 6 32 224 52 124 87 409 7 6 233 2 82 81 54 231 459 11 3 39 208 4 3 1 63 | 137 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 1218 39 48 13 40 244 79 135 101 419 15 16 241 19 91 102 77 259 485 28 13 50 222 11 34 13 175 | 156 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 2 9 2 6 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 4 0 8 | 3 TENA 6 7 8 7 7 4 10 11 9 8 11 9 11 19 11 7 7 7 13 9 13 10 8 15 12 12 11 | 10 CEAM 10 48 12 25 7 10 17 14 18 15 15 12 15 13 15 8 14 8 12 12 14 10 15 14 11 9 15 | 15 NHSA 5 7 4 4 7 3 5 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 1 3 3 5 5 4 2 4 6 6 2 3 5 | 5 SHSA 31 32 33 20 16 22 22 24 20 22 25 23 21 23 18 24 23 20 23 25 20 12 17 25 20 19 17 | 23 EURO 9 10 8 30 21 7 10 12 9 11 12 15 8 7 11 16 7 8 4 7 12 6 10 6 8 19 5 | 11 MIDE 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 | 3 NHAF 88 93 79 86 75 79 54 70 102 86 83 81 65 71 69 65 64 56 66 72 65 62 55 67 62 57 59 | 72 SHAF 46 56 46 40 70 61 44 56 59 54 38 39 37 42 40 41 41 36 38 38 39 43 41 40 44 39 39 | 45 BOAS 51 82 41 41 37 34 69 34 41 79 37 92 35 52 36 34 10 55 38 24 24 25 30 25 29 30 27 | 42 TEAS 78 69 50 46 85 71 44 66 82 75 77 112 83 51 47 46 49 88 93 50 69 44 50 51 33 46 40 | 63 SEAS 23 29 29 21 7 14 16 25 34 20 23 16 33 25 22 25 27 30 34 32 21 24 30 28 25 17 21 | 25 EQAS 53 10 6 3 5 18 6 12 6 15 6 6 9 4 6 5 4 6 8 2 2 4 8 1 2 2 4 | 8 AUST 4 5 6 3 8 5 3 6 5 5 1 1 4 3 5 4 2 3 3 2 6 4 12 4 3 2 4 | 5 Global 415 468 335 340 359 340 311 347 400 403 345 419 339 326 293 290 263 335 350 288 299 258 292 292 265 263 266 | 330