# Global Fire Emissions Database version 4.1 including small fire burned area (GFED4s) # Estimates for 2017 onwards based on relations between active fires and emissions # These estimates carry a larger uncertainty, especially due to extrapolation in areas # that saw few fires in the 1997-2016 era. They are not suitable for trend analyses. # # In winter 2023-2024 GFED5 will be released # NOTE THAT AQUA HAD ISSUES IN THE SECOND HALF OF AUGUST 2020; FOR THAT PERIOD THESE ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE # Toluene_lump emissions estimates in 1E9 g Toluene_lump for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) (Beta) '97-'23 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 | Mean BONA 80 309 130 67 35 311 198 357 249 176 137 109 139 253 174 185 369 423 481 138 352 251 276 32 528 337 2798 | 330 TENA 9 11 18 17 9 15 14 10 11 16 25 18 11 13 16 22 14 16 28 16 36 38 9 85 74 30 15 | 23 CEAM 18 183 21 49 13 18 65 12 48 25 29 24 29 15 41 13 37 11 20 24 29 19 35 30 21 17 32 | 33 NHSA 27 40 19 26 29 14 54 22 16 13 33 17 18 24 8 12 14 23 22 46 14 27 44 33 10 18 22 | 25 SHSA 291 424 377 175 138 279 233 370 478 209 565 173 88 589 137 271 123 190 268 248 258 132 279 349 267 297 253 | 277 EURO 6 6 4 15 8 4 7 5 6 6 7 6 4 3 5 9 3 3 2 4 8 4 5 3 6 11 3 | 6 MIDE 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 | 1 NHAF 298 420 326 359 291 307 272 252 316 251 277 270 237 217 254 225 236 224 239 290 233 238 190 233 208 189 183 | 261 SHAF 356 417 353 339 473 397 412 415 437 411 376 415 412 447 422 383 425 387 393 394 387 380 394 351 389 355 377 | 397 BOAS 261 888 295 339 309 515 902 107 186 352 162 518 189 236 312 712 280 382 317 497 351 584 699 674 1238 228 396 | 442 TEAS 109 96 57 60 54 85 76 67 54 77 86 89 84 51 43 60 33 58 79 32 54 33 39 36 26 38 31 | 60 SEAS 66 157 124 87 51 61 69 152 106 82 154 59 105 140 73 105 110 131 106 104 67 71 97 100 95 49 89 | 97 EQAS 4792 194 215 58 132 954 231 562 347 1603 51 42 903 24 329 326 227 920 1794 62 28 178 824 26 22 13 265 | 561 AUST 68 61 115 75 110 104 95 73 43 89 65 41 72 25 95 98 52 69 59 41 63 77 204 72 38 35 88 | 76 Global 6389 3214 2062 1672 1661 3072 2637 2413 2305 3318 1974 1793 2300 2046 1917 2427 1931 2846 3817 1904 1887 2039 3102 2031 2932 1624 4562 | 2588 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 0 TENA 2 2 3 5 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 3 5 10 2 11 7 6 2 | 4 CEAM 6 35 7 16 5 6 14 3 13 7 8 7 7 6 11 5 9 4 5 6 8 6 10 8 6 5 9 | 9 NHSA 14 18 11 15 14 10 18 14 10 9 15 10 11 11 6 7 8 13 12 15 8 14 16 17 7 11 12 | 13 SHSA 111 115 112 47 71 102 75 92 98 55 127 57 34 126 44 86 43 53 65 63 74 39 84 101 82 75 72 | 78 EURO 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 | 1 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 | 0 NHAF 245 302 256 264 233 244 228 207 247 195 215 224 196 176 201 182 195 183 182 216 185 190 149 184 166 149 143 | 206 SHAF 328 384 328 305 388 319 346 339 356 334 328 346 347 371 361 331 351 324 322 320 323 314 328 290 323 295 316 | 335 BOAS 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 3 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 | 1 TEAS 14 12 7 7 8 17 10 12 12 13 9 8 7 12 7 8 4 10 11 5 14 6 10 6 6 7 6 | 10 SEAS 28 54 39 33 24 26 31 51 40 31 47 25 33 38 22 31 25 34 31 27 22 22 31 33 29 14 30 | 32 EQAS 55 14 7 3 4 18 7 14 5 16 5 5 8 4 5 4 4 8 16 3 2 4 9 1 1 1 4 | 9 AUST 46 44 95 61 90 72 37 65 35 56 51 35 50 21 86 87 33 54 46 31 51 63 62 29 33 30 78 | 54 Global 855 990 873 765 846 824 776 807 827 728 816 729 703 774 755 753 679 692 700 696 701 674 708 688 671 602 680 | 753 Boreal forest fires: BONA 64 259 106 55 25 259 149 322 211 148 115 93 120 215 150 143 305 335 398 107 315 228 232 29 446 299 2394 | 279 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 230 830 265 307 271 480 832 84 158 304 140 462 160 180 289 665 258 348 295 458 333 547 666 641 1179 207 369 | 406 TEAS 52 41 18 29 9 38 43 17 6 31 41 31 35 7 10 29 4 7 28 4 11 6 6 5 2 8 5 | 20 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 347 1130 390 392 306 779 1025 424 376 485 297 591 315 402 450 839 568 690 722 570 660 784 906 675 1628 515 2770 | 705 Temperate forest fires: BONA 6 6 3 1 3 2 3 0 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 4 3 2 11 8 16 0 22 3 35 | 6 TENA 4 5 12 10 4 10 8 4 5 9 17 11 5 4 8 15 9 10 19 9 26 24 3 69 63 20 9 | 15 CEAM 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 8 7 9 6 4 6 7 6 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 9 3 4 8 4 5 10 | 6 EURO 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 3 1 | 1 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 BOAS 5 4 4 1 2 5 1 2 1 8 1 3 3 12 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 | 3 TEAS 13 14 12 6 7 5 5 8 6 6 6 10 12 10 8 5 7 9 8 5 4 4 5 7 5 5 4 | 8 SEAS 6 8 17 10 7 3 8 8 8 9 7 6 12 10 5 11 8 13 6 9 5 6 7 5 12 6 8 | 9 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 19 13 12 11 12 25 51 3 2 28 11 2 12 2 2 4 13 9 5 6 4 5 132 39 1 1 4 | 16 Global 65 66 75 50 44 61 89 36 31 72 55 44 55 52 36 49 48 56 49 40 67 58 174 133 114 50 77 | 65 Tropical deforestation & degradation: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 8 128 8 23 5 8 45 3 28 11 14 10 16 4 23 3 22 4 10 12 15 9 18 16 10 8 17 | 18 NHSA 11 19 6 9 12 3 34 6 4 2 15 5 4 12 1 3 4 8 9 30 4 11 25 13 2 6 8 | 10 SHSA 161 291 244 114 56 162 143 263 368 143 423 103 40 449 82 171 66 125 190 171 167 84 185 230 173 209 165 | 185 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 24 86 42 65 32 35 25 21 34 26 33 19 19 17 29 20 19 22 34 49 26 26 22 26 21 20 19 | 31 SHAF 12 12 8 19 60 57 50 56 59 58 34 55 52 60 46 37 58 49 56 60 49 49 50 46 50 46 47 | 46 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 3 4 3 1 1 0 2 6 2 1 2 1 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 | 2 SEAS 23 84 57 36 16 26 24 83 46 34 91 21 48 83 37 53 66 74 57 56 32 34 47 51 44 22 44 | 48 EQAS 648 106 71 31 17 175 44 128 47 208 20 13 108 10 44 47 39 133 232 18 11 40 112 9 7 6 46 | 88 AUST 1 2 4 2 4 4 5 3 3 3 1 2 7 0 4 4 5 5 7 2 5 7 5 2 2 1 4 | 4 Global 894 736 447 303 208 474 376 573 595 490 638 234 300 641 269 343 285 424 598 403 312 264 469 397 314 322 354 | 432 Peat fires: BONA 9 39 19 8 5 47 44 33 35 24 20 14 16 32 22 38 62 83 78 27 24 13 26 1 58 34 365 | 44 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 7 24 9 15 21 17 43 5 11 9 6 18 12 25 7 32 17 10 7 29 7 24 19 22 43 7 12 | 18 TEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 4070 69 133 22 108 753 177 416 292 1373 23 21 783 7 277 272 181 775 1542 39 13 132 698 14 12 4 212 | 460 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 4087 133 162 46 136 818 265 455 340 1407 50 54 811 66 307 344 261 870 1628 96 45 170 744 38 114 46 590 | 522 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 | 1 TENA 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 2 2 2 4 3 4 3 2 5 4 4 3 | 3 CEAM 3 16 4 8 2 3 6 5 6 5 5 4 5 4 5 2 5 2 4 4 4 3 5 4 3 3 5 | 5 NHSA 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 | 2 SHSA 10 10 11 6 5 7 7 8 6 7 8 7 7 7 6 8 8 6 7 8 6 4 5 8 6 6 5 | 8 EURO 3 3 2 10 7 2 3 4 3 3 4 5 2 2 3 5 2 2 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 6 1 | 4 MIDE 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 NHAF 29 31 26 28 25 26 18 23 34 28 28 27 22 23 23 22 21 18 22 24 21 21 18 22 20 19 20 | 24 SHAF 15 18 15 13 23 20 14 18 20 18 13 13 12 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 13 14 14 13 14 13 13 | 15 BOAS 17 27 14 13 12 11 23 11 13 26 12 31 11 17 12 11 3 18 12 8 8 8 10 8 9 10 9 | 14 TEAS 26 23 16 15 28 24 14 22 27 25 26 37 27 17 15 15 16 29 31 16 23 14 16 17 11 15 13 | 21 SEAS 7 10 9 7 2 4 5 8 11 6 7 5 11 8 7 8 9 10 11 10 7 8 10 9 8 5 7 | 8 EQAS 17 3 2 1 1 6 2 4 2 5 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 | 3 AUST 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 4 1 1 0 1 | 2 Global 139 156 112 114 120 113 104 116 133 135 115 140 113 109 98 97 88 112 117 96 100 86 97 97 88 88 89 | 111